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Glossary
A
Abraham Maslow
Definition
A psychologist known for the hierarchy of needs theory, often referenced in project management to understand team motivation.
Context
Maslow’s theory helps project managers recognize that individuals are motivated by unmet needs, progressing from basic to self-fulfillment.
Abraham Maslow
Accept
Definition
A risk response strategy in which the project team decides to acknowledge the risk without taking proactive action unless it occurs.
Context
Acceptance is suitable when the cost or impact of addressing the risk is low or when no viable response is available.
Accept
Acceptance
Definition
Formal agreement that a deliverable or result meets specified requirements and is officially approved by the stakeholder or customer.
Context
In project contexts, acceptance is documented confirmation that deliverables meet agreed-upon criteria.
Acceptance
Acceptance criteria
Definition
A set of conditions that must be met before deliverables are accepted.
Context
These criteria are used during quality control processes and formal acceptance by stakeholders.
Acceptance criteria
Accessibility
Definition
The degree to which a product, service, environment, or facility is usable by people with varying abilities.
Context
Ensuring accessibility supports inclusivity and meets legal or organizational standards for all users.
Accessibility
Accommodate
Definition
A conflict resolution technique that involves yielding to another party’s needs or concerns to maintain harmony.
Context
Used when the relationship is more important than the issue at hand, often seen as a temporary or low-stakes resolution.
Accommodate
Accountability
Definition
The obligation of an individual or team to account for their actions, accept responsibility, and disclose results in a transparent manner.
Context
In teams, accountability promotes ownership and drives performance outcomes.
Accountability
Accountable
Definition
The individual who is ultimately answerable for the correct and thorough completion of a task or deliverable.
Context
In a RACI matrix, this is the person who ensures work is completed and decisions are made.
Accountable
Actions
Definition
Specific steps or tasks undertaken to achieve project objectives or manage risks and issues.
Context
Action items are often recorded and tracked in meetings or project logs to ensure follow-up.
Actions
Active listening
Definition
A communication technique involving giving full attention to the speaker, understanding their message, and responding thoughtfully.
Context
Improves team collaboration and stakeholder engagement through empathy and clarity.
Active listening
Activity attributes
Definition
Descriptive components associated with schedule activities used for project planning and execution.
Context
Includes information such as activity codes, dependencies, leads, lags, resource requirements, etc.
Activity attributes
Activity list
Definition
A documented tabulation of schedule activities that shows the activity description, identifier, and scope of work.
Context
It helps ensure that all project work is accounted for in the schedule model.
Activity list
Actual Cost
Definition
The realized cost incurred for the work performed on an activity during a specific time period.
Context
Also known as AC or ACWP, it is a key input in Earned Value Management.
Actual Cost
Adaptability
Definition
The ability of an individual, team, or organization to adjust to new conditions and respond to change effectively.
Context
Adaptability enables resilience and responsiveness in dynamic project environments.
Adaptability
Adaptation
Definition
A change or adjustment made in response to new or evolving circumstances in a project or environment.
Context
Common in agile approaches, where frequent inspection leads to iterative change.
Adaptation
Adaptive
Definition
A life cycle approach that is flexible and responsive to changing requirements through iterative and incremental delivery.
Context
Used when high levels of uncertainty or stakeholder involvement are expected.
Adaptive
Adjourning
Definition
The final stage of team development where the team disbands after achieving its objectives.
Context
It involves closure, celebration, and transitioning members to new roles or projects.
Adjourning
Affinity diagram
Definition
A technique used to organize large amounts of data or ideas into logical groupings based on natural relationships.
Context
Supports brainstorming, root cause analysis, and requirements gathering by finding themes.
Affinity diagram
Agile
Definition
An iterative approach to project delivery that builds solutions incrementally from the start of the project.
Context
Emphasizes collaboration, customer feedback, and small, rapid releases of usable products.
Agile
Agreement
Definition
A mutually binding document that obligates the seller to provide specified products or services and the buyer to pay for them.
Context
Examples include contracts, memoranda of understanding (MOUs), and service level agreements (SLAs).
Agreement
Alignment
Definition
The degree to which project goals and deliverables support the strategic objectives of the organization.
Context
Ensuring alignment helps justify the project’s value and guides prioritization decisions.
Alignment
Analogous estimation
Definition
A technique that uses the values of parameters from a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the same parameter in the current project.
Context
It is less costly and time-consuming but generally less accurate than other estimation techniques.
Analogous estimation
Appraisal
Definition
The evaluation or assessment of performance, value, or contribution, typically for people, assets, or processes.
Context
In projects, appraisals are used for evaluating team member performance or assessing asset value.
Appraisal
Approach
Definition
The methodology or strategy selected to deliver the project outcomes effectively.
Context
Could be predictive, adaptive, or hybrid depending on project characteristics and stakeholder needs.
Approach
Approval
Definition
Formal acceptance or agreement that a deliverable, document, or decision meets required standards or expectations.
Context
Typically given by stakeholders, sponsors, or governance bodies.
Approval
Arbitration
Definition
A dispute resolution process in which a neutral third party makes a binding decision to resolve a conflict.
Context
Used when mediation fails or when contracts mandate arbitration for legal conflicts.
Arbitration
Artifacts
Definition
Documents, templates, outputs, and deliverables produced throughout the project life cycle.
Context
Artifacts include plans, reports, logs, and records that support project tracking and governance.
Artifacts
Assumption
Definition
A factor considered to be true or certain for planning purposes, without current proof.
Context
Assumptions must be documented and managed because they can influence risk and outcomes.
Assumption
Asynchronous communication
Definition
Information exchange where participants do not interact in real-time.
Context
Examples include emails, document repositories, and recorded video updates; useful in distributed teams.
Asynchronous communication
Attitude
Definition
An individual’s mental and emotional outlook that influences behavior and interactions within a project.
Context
Positive attitudes foster collaboration and productivity, while negative attitudes can hinder progress.
Attitude
Audit
Definition
A structured review to determine whether project activities comply with policies, processes, and procedures.
Context
Audits assess effectiveness, adherence, and support continuous improvement within the organization.
Audit
Authority
Definition
The right to apply resources, make decisions, and give approvals on a project.
Context
Typically defined in the project charter or organizational structure to ensure clarity.
Authority
Autocratic
Definition
A leadership style where one person makes decisions without team input.
Context
Useful in urgent situations, but may reduce team engagement in the long term.
Autocratic
Availability
Definition
The degree to which required resources are obtainable for use during a planned time period.
Context
A key input in resource planning and scheduling decisions.
Availability
Avoid
Definition
A risk response strategy where the team eliminates the threat or condition that causes the risk.
Context
May involve changing project plans, scope, or work to remove the risk entirely.
Avoid
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B
Backlog
Definition
A prioritized list of project work, features, or tasks maintained for execution.
Context
Common in Agile projects to reflect what remains to be done and helps in sprint planning.
Backlog
Balanced scorecard
Definition
A strategic management tool that evaluates performance from multiple perspectives including financial, customer, internal processes, and learning.
Context
Helps align business activities to strategic goals and improve performance tracking.
Balanced scorecard
Baseline
Definition
The approved version of a plan used as a basis for comparison to actual results.
Context
Changes to the baseline are controlled through integrated change control.
Baseline
BATNA
Definition
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement — the most advantageous alternative if negotiations fail.
Context
Used in procurement and conflict management to determine walk-away options.
BATNA
Behavioral analysis
Definition
The study of stakeholder or team behaviors to improve collaboration and communication.
Context
Can be used to predict responses and tailor engagement strategies.
Behavioral analysis
Benchmarking
Definition
The process of comparing project practices or performance to those of other organizations to identify best practices.
Context
Helps establish standards and continuous improvement targets.
Benchmarking
Benefits
Definition
The measurable gains or advantages realized from the implementation of project outcomes.
Context
Can be tangible or intangible and are linked to strategic objectives.
Benefits
Benefits identification
Definition
The process of determining the intended value and outcomes a project or program will deliver.
Context
Supports business case development and alignment with strategic goals.
Benefits identification
Benefits realization
Definition
The process of tracking, reviewing, and ensuring benefits are achieved as planned.
Context
Continues beyond project closure to ensure value delivery.
Benefits realization
Benefits register
Definition
A document listing all expected benefits of a project along with their planned realization timelines.
Context
Used to monitor and ensure alignment with strategic goals.
Benefits register
Bidding
Definition
The competitive process of submitting proposals or tenders to provide goods or services.
Context
Used in procurement management to select the most qualified vendor or supplier.
Bidding
Blockers
Definition
Obstacles that prevent progress on a task or deliverable.
Context
Commonly tracked in Agile teams during daily stand-ups to facilitate resolution.
Blockers
Bottom-up estimation
Definition
A technique where work is broken into smaller components and each is estimated individually.
Context
Highly accurate but time-consuming; useful in detailed project planning.
Bottom-up estimation
Brainstorming
Definition
A group creativity technique used to generate a large number of ideas for solution development.
Context
Encourages open idea sharing without judgment, often used in problem-solving or planning.
Brainstorming
Bruce Tuckman
Definition
A psychologist known for developing the team development model: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning.
Context
Used in project management to understand and support team dynamics over time.
Bruce Tuckman
Budget
Definition
The approved estimate for the project or any component, including all costs and contingencies.
Context
Used as a baseline to compare against actual spending to manage financial performance.
Budget
Budget at Completion
Definition
The total planned value or authorized budget for the project.
Context
A key metric in earned value management used to evaluate project performance.
Budget at Completion
Budget challenges
Definition
Difficulties or constraints in staying within planned financial limits.
Context
Can arise from scope changes, inaccurate estimates, or unforeseen costs.
Budget challenges
Buffer
Definition
Time or cost reserves used to manage uncertainty or risk in the schedule or budget.
Context
Protects project deadlines from delays or variances in task performance.
Buffer
Burndown chart
Definition
A graphical representation showing work remaining over time in an Agile project.
Context
Helps track progress toward sprint or release goals by visualizing completed tasks.
Burndown chart
Burnup chart
Definition
A visual tool that shows the amount of work completed against the total work scope.
Context
Unlike burndown charts, it shows progress and scope changes together.
Burnup chart
Business value
Definition
The net benefit a project or deliverable provides to an organization or stakeholder.
Context
Can be tangible (revenue) or intangible (customer satisfaction, market share).
Business value
Buy-in
Definition
Agreement or commitment from stakeholders or team members to support a project or decision.
Context
Critical for change adoption and smooth project implementation.
Buy-in
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C
Capacity planning
Definition
The process of determining the resources needed to meet project demands.
Context
Ensures the team is not over- or under-utilized across the project timeline.
Capacity planning
Change control
Definition
A process to manage changes to the project scope, schedule, or cost in a controlled manner.
Context
Ensures changes are reviewed, approved, and documented appropriately.
Change control
Change control board
Definition
A formally chartered group responsible for reviewing, evaluating, and approving or rejecting change requests.
Context
Ensures governance and alignment with project objectives before changes are implemented.
Change control board
Change impact
Definition
The effect a proposed change has on project constraints like scope, schedule, cost, or quality.
Context
Assessed before approval to prevent unintended consequences.
Change impact
Change log
Definition
A project document that records all change requests and their status throughout the project.
Context
Helps track the history, decisions, and implementation of changes.
Change log
Change management
Definition
A structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations to a desired future state.
Context
Focuses on stakeholder engagement, communication, and adoption of change.
Change management
Change management plan
Definition
A component of the project management plan that defines how changes will be managed and controlled.
Context
Includes roles, responsibilities, workflows, and tools for handling changes.
Change management plan
Change requests
Definition
Formal proposals to modify any aspect of the project including scope, schedule, cost, or quality.
Context
May originate from any stakeholder and require evaluation before implementation.
Change requests
Change response
Definition
The action taken after a change is identified and assessed.
Context
Can include approval, rejection, deferral, or escalation based on impact.
Change response
Channels
Definition
The pathways through which communication flows in a project environment.
Context
Can be formal (reports, emails) or informal (chats, meetings).
Channels
Check sheet
Definition
A tool used to collect data in real-time at the location where the data is generated.
Context
Used in quality control to identify patterns or defects.
Check sheet
Clarification
Definition
The process of ensuring that project information is fully understood by all stakeholders.
Context
Helps avoid miscommunication and errors by confirming expectations.
Clarification
Classroom training
Definition
An instructor-led learning method delivered in a physical or virtual group setting.
Context
Used to develop skills, share knowledge, and align team understanding.
Classroom training
Close phase
Definition
The process of finalizing all project activities across all process groups.
Context
Includes administrative closure, documentation, and stakeholder sign-off.
Close phase
Closure
Definition
The formal end of a project or phase, where deliverables are accepted and contracts closed.
Context
Ensures lessons learned are documented and resources released.
Closure
Coaching
Definition
A development technique where a more experienced individual supports someone’s performance growth.
Context
Often used in Agile environments to build self-organizing teams.
Coaching
Code of conduct
Definition
A set of rules outlining expected behaviors and responsibilities of project team members.
Context
Promotes ethical behavior and professionalism within the team.
Code of conduct
Code of ethics
Definition
A document that defines acceptable ethical standards within an organization or profession.
Context
PMI’s Code of Ethics guides members in fairness, honesty, and respect.
Code of ethics
Cohesion
Definition
The degree to which team members work well together and remain united toward project goals.
Context
Strong cohesion boosts collaboration and team performance.
Cohesion
Collaborate
Definition
To work jointly with others to produce or create something in the project context.
Context
Collaboration leads to shared understanding, innovation, and stakeholder engagement.
Collaborate
Collaboration
Definition
The act of multiple individuals or groups working together to achieve a common objective.
Context
Essential for cross-functional teams, especially in Agile and hybrid projects.
Collaboration
Collaboration tools
Definition
Digital platforms or software that enable effective communication and teamwork among project members.
Context
Examples include Slack, MS Teams, Zoom, and shared document repositories.
Collaboration tools
Collaborative
Definition
An approach where individuals or groups work jointly to achieve shared goals and resolve issues constructively.
Context
Promotes mutual respect, shared accountability, and increased innovation in projects.
Collaborative
Collaborative negotiation
Definition
A negotiation technique where parties work together to reach a win-win outcome that satisfies all stakeholders.
Context
Used to build long-term relationships and sustainable agreements.
Collaborative negotiation
Colocation
Definition
The practice of placing team members in the same physical location to enhance communication and collaboration.
Context
Used in traditional projects to encourage face-to-face interactions and faster decision-making.
Colocation
Commitment
Definition
An individual’s or team’s dedication to the success of the project or task.
Context
Strong commitment supports project momentum, accountability, and motivation.
Commitment
Communication
Definition
The process of exchanging information between individuals or groups to convey meaning.
Context
Effective communication is critical to stakeholder engagement and project success.
Communication
Communication barriers
Definition
Obstacles that hinder the effective exchange of information.
Context
Can be physical, cultural, emotional, or semantic, and must be managed to avoid misunderstandings.
Communication barriers
Communication plan
Definition
A component of the project management plan that outlines how project information will be shared.
Context
Defines audience, frequency, formats, methods, and responsibilities for communication.
Communication plan
Compete
Definition
A conflict resolution technique in which one party pursues their own concerns at the expense of others.
Context
Effective in urgent situations but may harm relationships if overused.
Compete
Competency
Definition
A combination of skills, knowledge, and behaviors required to perform a role effectively.
Context
Used in resource management and professional development planning.
Competency
Competitive negotiation
Definition
A negotiation approach where each party seeks to maximize their own benefit.
Context
Often used in procurement to ensure the best price or terms, but may reduce collaboration.
Competitive negotiation
Complexity
Definition
A characteristic of a project with many interconnected parts or variables.
Context
Increases uncertainty and requires adaptive planning and governance strategies.
Complexity
Compliance
Definition
Conformance to requirements such as regulations, standards, and internal policies.
Context
Ensures legal and organizational accountability throughout the project life cycle.
Compliance
Compromise
Definition
A conflict resolution technique where each party gives up something to reach a mutually acceptable solution.
Context
Useful when time is limited or when both sides have equal power.
Compromise
Configuration management
Definition
A process to systematically manage changes to a product’s attributes or documentation.
Context
Ensures integrity and traceability of deliverables and baseline elements.
Configuration management
Conflict
Definition
A disagreement between individuals or groups due to differing goals, opinions, or values.
Context
Not inherently negative — can lead to innovation and growth if managed well.
Conflict
Conflict life cycle
Definition
The stages through which conflict develops and potentially escalates if unresolved.
Context
Understanding the life cycle helps in early intervention and resolution.
Conflict life cycle
Conflict management
Definition
The process of handling conflict constructively to minimize disruption and maximize positive outcomes.
Context
Involves identifying, analyzing, and applying resolution strategies.
Conflict management
Conflict resolution
Definition
Techniques used to resolve disagreements and restore collaboration.
Context
Includes methods such as collaborate, compromise, avoid, accommodate, and compete.
Conflict resolution
Consensus
Definition
A group decision-making technique where all participants support or can live with the outcome.
Context
Promotes ownership and buy-in but may take more time to reach agreement.
Consensus
Consequences
Definition
The outcomes or effects resulting from decisions, actions, or events.
Context
Can be positive or negative and are used in risk and change impact analysis.
Consequences
Consolidation
Definition
Combining multiple elements or data sources into a single unified view or plan.
Context
Used in reporting, budgeting, and schedule planning for clarity and control.
Consolidation
Constraint
Definition
A limiting factor that affects the execution of a project or process.
Context
Common constraints include time, cost, scope, and resources.
Constraint
Constraints
Definition
Multiple limitations that must be considered during project planning and execution.
Context
Affect flexibility in achieving objectives and must be managed proactively.
Constraints
Consulted
Definition
A RACI role designation for individuals who provide input or expertise before decisions are made.
Context
They are not decision-makers but influence outcomes through consultation.
Consulted
Contest
Definition
To formally challenge or dispute a decision, result, or action in a project context.
Context
May occur in procurement, claims resolution, or contract enforcement.
Contest
Contingency
Definition
A planned response or allocation of resources to address identified risks or uncertainties.
Context
Helps maintain project stability despite unexpected events.
Contingency
Contingency reserve
Definition
Budget or time allocated for known-unknown risks within project scope.
Context
Controlled by the project manager and used as part of risk response strategies.
Contingency reserve
Continuous assessment
Definition
The ongoing evaluation of project performance and conditions to identify issues early.
Context
Supports proactive decision-making and agile adaptation.
Continuous assessment
Continuous improvement
Definition
An ongoing effort to enhance processes, products, or services.
Context
Used in quality management and Agile to boost efficiency and value.
Continuous improvement
Contract
Definition
A formal agreement between two or more parties that defines obligations and deliverables.
Context
Legally binding and used in procurement to manage vendor relationships.
Contract
Contract types
Definition
Categories of contracts that define how risk and responsibility are distributed between buyer and seller (e.g., fixed-price, cost-reimbursable, time and materials).
Context
Think of shopping options: some items are a fixed price, others are pay-as-you-go like hiring a contractor who charges hourly.
Contract types
Contracts
Definition
A legal agreement between two or more parties outlining the deliverables, obligations, and terms for services or products.
Context
Like a rental agreement where both sides agree on rules, rent, and duration — but for business work.
Contracts
Control chart
Definition
A quality management tool that tracks performance metrics over time to identify process variations.
Context
Like tracking your weight over weeks to spot when things go out of the normal healthy range.
Control chart
Control scope
Definition
The process of monitoring the status of the project and product scope and managing changes to the scope baseline.
Context
Like sticking to a grocery list to avoid overspending — keeping the work focused and under control.
Control scope
Coordination
Definition
The integration of activities across people and teams to achieve smooth workflow and aligned efforts.
Context
Similar to organizing a potluck: everyone brings a dish that fits together into one meal.
Coordination
Corrective action
Definition
An intentional activity that realigns project performance with the project management plan.
Context
Like studying harder after getting a bad grade — you adjust your behavior to meet your goals.
Corrective action
Cost baseline
Definition
The approved version of the budget, used to compare actual costs throughout the project.
Context
Like setting a vacation budget ahead of time, and checking receipts to stay on track.
Cost baseline
Cost estimation
Definition
The process of approximating the monetary resources needed to complete project activities.
Context
Guessing how much groceries will cost before shopping — helps you plan better.
Cost estimation
Cost Performance Index
Definition
A measure of cost efficiency calculated as earned value divided by actual cost (CPI = EV/AC).
Context
If you planned to spend 80 but got everything done, your cost efficiency is high.
Cost Performance Index
Cost variance
Definition
Same as above — CV = EV - AC — it reflects whether a project is over or under budget.
Context
Like spending less than you expected on a party — it’s a financial win.
Cost variance
Cost Variance
Definition
The difference between the earned value and the actual cost (CV = EV - AC).
Context
If your renovation cost less than expected, that’s positive cost variance — more bang for your buck.
Cost Variance
Cost-reimbursable
Definition
A type of contract where the seller is reimbursed for actual costs plus a fee for profit.
Context
Imagine hiring a plumber who charges for time and materials plus a little extra for their effort.
Cost-reimbursable
Crashing
Definition
A schedule compression technique that adds resources to critical path tasks to shorten duration.
Context
Like pulling an all-nighter with friends to finish a group project faster — effective but costly.
Crashing
Critical path
Definition
The longest sequence of activities in a project that determines the shortest possible duration.
Context
If one thing gets delayed, the whole project is delayed — like waiting on the slowest person in a relay race.
Critical path
Critical path method
Definition
A technique to identify and schedule project tasks that impact the project duration the most.
Context
It’s like planning a road trip where missing one turn sets everything back — you track the key routes.
Critical path method
Criticality
Definition
The degree to which an activity affects the project’s end date based on its position in the schedule.
Context
If a single late task delays everything, it has high criticality — like a missing puzzle piece.
Criticality
Cultural awareness
Definition
Understanding and respecting cultural differences in a global or diverse project environment.
Context
Like knowing not to shake hands in some cultures — it improves teamwork and reduces friction.
Cultural awareness
Culture
Definition
The shared values, beliefs, and behaviors that influence how people work and interact.
Context
Company culture is like a personality — some are casual and creative, others are formal and rule-bound.
Culture
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D
Data analysis
Definition
The process of examining, cleaning, and modeling data to discover useful information and support decision-making.
Context
Like reviewing your bank statements to find where you overspend and make better choices.
Data analysis
David McClelland
Definition
A psychologist known for his theory of human motivation, emphasizing achievement, affiliation, and power as key drivers.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McClelland
David McClelland
Decision making
Definition
The process of selecting a course of action from multiple alternatives to achieve project objectives.
Context
Like choosing what to eat for dinner when you have several options — you weigh the choices and decide.
Decision making
Decision rights
Definition
Defined authority over who can make which decisions within a project or organization.
Context
Like knowing which parent decides on bedtime rules versus which decides on weekend plans.
Decision rights
Decomposition
Definition
A technique used to break down project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.
Context
Like breaking down a big chore list into smaller tasks — easier to handle step by step.
Decomposition
Delegation
Definition
The assignment of responsibility and authority to another person to complete tasks.
Context
Like asking a friend to water your plants while you’re away — you trust them to do it.
Delegation
Deliverable
Definition
Any unique and verifiable product, result, or service produced to complete a process or project.
Context
Like the cake you bake at the end of following a recipe — it’s the tangible result.
Deliverable
Delivery
Definition
The act of transferring a completed product, service, or result to the customer or end user.
Context
Like getting a package delivered to your home after ordering online.
Delivery
Delivery options
Definition
Alternative ways to provide a product, service, or result to the customer.
Context
Like choosing between home delivery, in-store pickup, or express shipping when shopping.
Delivery options
Democratic
Definition
A leadership style where decisions are made collectively with input from the group.
Context
Like voting with friends on which movie to watch.
Democratic
Dependencies
Definition
Logical relationships between project activities where one task relies on another.
Context
Like not being able to frost a cake until it has finished baking.
Dependencies
Dependency
Definition
A single relationship where one activity relies on the output of another.
Context
For example, you can’t drive until you get a driver’s license.
Dependency
Development
Definition
The process of creating, growing, or advancing project deliverables, team skills, or outcomes.
Context
Like learning a new skill or improving over time with practice.
Development
Directive
Definition
An instruction issued with authority to guide project actions or decisions.
Context
Like a teacher telling students exactly how to complete an assignment.
Directive
Disagreement
Definition
A difference of opinion between stakeholders or team members.
Context
Like friends debating about where to eat dinner — not necessarily bad, just different views.
Disagreement
DISC
Definition
A personality assessment tool that categorizes behavior into Dominance, Influence, Steadiness, and Conscientiousness.
Context
Like understanding if someone is more of a leader, a supporter, or detail-focused in a group.
DISC
Distributive
Definition
A negotiation style focused on dividing fixed resources between parties (win-lose).
Context
Like haggling at a flea market where one person’s gain is the other’s loss.
Distributive
Diversity
Definition
The inclusion of individuals from various backgrounds, cultures, and perspectives within a team or project.
Context
Like a potluck dinner where everyone brings food from their culture, making the meal richer.
Diversity
DMADV
Definition
A Six Sigma methodology for creating new processes or products: Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify.
Context
Like designing a brand-new recipe from scratch and testing it until it’s perfect.
DMADV
DMAIC
Definition
A Six Sigma methodology for improving existing processes: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control.
Context
Like fixing a recipe that didn’t work the first time by tweaking ingredients step by step.
DMAIC
Document control
Definition
A system for managing, tracking, and storing project documents to ensure accuracy and consistency.
Context
Like organizing important family documents in a labeled binder so nothing is lost.
Document control
Documentation
Definition
The recorded information that describes, explains, or justifies project processes and outcomes.
Context
Like writing down your grandma’s recipe so it can be repeated and shared.
Documentation
Douglas McGregor
Definition
A management theorist known for Theory X and Theory Y, describing different views of worker motivation.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McGregor
Douglas McGregor
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E
Earned value
Definition
A project performance measure that integrates scope, schedule, and cost to assess progress.
Context
Like checking halfway through a road trip if you’re on time, within budget, and on the right route.
Earned value
Earned Value
Definition
Same as ‘earned value’ — it represents the value of work actually completed compared to the plan.
Context
Like calculating how much of a puzzle is completed versus how much time and effort was spent.
Earned Value
Emotional intelligence
Definition
The ability to recognize, understand, and manage your own emotions and those of others.
Context
Like calming yourself before an argument or helping a friend feel better after a bad day.
Emotional intelligence
Empathy
Definition
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.
Context
Like comforting a friend by truly listening to their struggles.
Empathy
Empowerment
Definition
The practice of giving team members the authority, resources, and confidence to make decisions.
Context
Like letting kids choose what to wear — they feel ownership and pride.
Empowerment
Engagement
Definition
The level of involvement, commitment, and enthusiasm stakeholders or team members show toward a project.
Context
Like fans cheering loudly at a game — the more engaged, the better the atmosphere.
Engagement
Engagement levels
Definition
The degree to which stakeholders or team members are actively involved and supportive.
Context
Like some students paying full attention in class while others are distracted.
Engagement levels
Engagement strategies
Definition
Planned approaches to involve and motivate stakeholders in the project.
Context
Like planning fun group activities to keep kids excited in class.
Engagement strategies
Enhance
Definition
A risk response strategy used to increase the probability or impact of positive risks (opportunities).
Context
Like giving extra effort to prepare for a job interview to increase your chances of success.
Enhance
Environment
Definition
The conditions, internal and external, that influence a project’s execution and outcomes.
Context
Like the weather affecting an outdoor event — it shapes how things play out.
Environment
Environmental scanning
Definition
The process of gathering and analyzing information about external opportunities and threats that can impact the project.
Context
Like checking the news before traveling to know about weather or political risks.
Environmental scanning
Escalate
Definition
A risk response strategy where responsibility is transferred to a higher authority for resolution.
Context
Like calling a manager when a customer issue is beyond your authority.
Escalate
Escalation
Definition
The process of raising an issue or risk to higher levels of management for attention or decision-making.
Context
Like telling a teacher when classmates can’t agree on a group project decision.
Escalation
Escalation path
Definition
A predefined process that shows how and to whom issues should be escalated.
Context
Like a school rule that says first talk to your teacher, then the principal if the problem isn’t solved.
Escalation path
Estimate at Completion
Definition
The forecasted total cost of the project based on performance to date (EAC).
Context
Like predicting the total bill at a restaurant after ordering appetizers and drinks.
Estimate at Completion
Estimate to Complete
Definition
The expected cost needed to finish all remaining work in a project (ETC).
Context
Like figuring out how much more money you need to finish grocery shopping.
Estimate to Complete
Estimation
Definition
The process of approximating effort, time, or cost needed to complete project activities.
Context
Like guessing how long it will take you to drive to work.
Estimation
Evaluation
Definition
The systematic assessment of project activities or deliverables to determine value or performance.
Context
Like checking your test answers to see how well you did.
Evaluation
Execution strategy
Definition
The planned approach that defines how project work will be carried out to achieve objectives.
Context
Like planning the best route for a road trip before starting.
Execution strategy
Exit criteria
Definition
Conditions that must be met before a project or phase can be closed.
Context
Like making sure your chores are done before going out to play.
Exit criteria
Expectation management
Definition
The process of aligning stakeholder expectations with project reality.
Context
Like telling your friends a road trip will take 6 hours, not 3, to avoid disappointment.
Expectation management
Expectations
Definition
Context
Expectations
Exploit
Definition
A risk response strategy to ensure an opportunity is realized.
Context
Like applying early to a job to maximize your chance of being hired.
Exploit
External environment
Definition
Context
External environment
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F
Facilitation
Definition
The process of guiding a group to achieve effective collaboration and decision-making.
Context
Like a teacher leading a classroom discussion to keep it productive.
Facilitation
Fast tracking
Definition
A schedule compression technique where activities are performed in parallel that were originally planned in sequence.
Context
Like starting to frost a cake before it has fully cooled — risky but faster.
Fast tracking
Feedback
Definition
Information shared about performance or deliverables to improve future work.
Context
Like a coach giving players tips after practice.
Feedback
Fight
Definition
A conflict management approach where opposing parties confront differences directly.
Context
Like siblings arguing over TV remote control.
Fight
Financial closure
Definition
The process of completing all financial transactions, payments, and reconciliations at project close.
Context
Like paying the final bills after moving out of an apartment.
Financial closure
Fishbone diagram
Definition
A cause-and-effect diagram used to identify potential root causes of problems.
Context
Like brainstorming reasons why your car won’t start — dead battery, no fuel, or faulty starter.
Fishbone diagram
Five whys
Definition
A root cause analysis technique that involves asking ‘why’ repeatedly until the underlying cause is found.
Context
Like asking why a toy broke until you find it was dropped too many times.
Five whys
Fixed-price
Definition
A contract type where payment is a set price regardless of the cost incurred by the seller.
Context
Like buying a car at a sticker price — cost doesn’t change for the buyer.
Fixed-price
Flight
Definition
Context
Flight
Float
Definition
The amount of time an activity can be delayed without affecting the project end date.
Context
Like having extra time before a train leaves — you can grab a coffee without missing it.
Float
Flowchart
Definition
A diagram showing the sequence of steps in a process or system.
Context
Like a recipe showing the steps for cooking a dish.
Flowchart
Forecasting
Definition
Predicting future project performance based on current data and trends.
Context
Like predicting weather by looking at today’s sky and forecast reports.
Forecasting
Forming
Definition
The first stage of team development where members get to know each other and roles are established.
Context
Like students meeting for the first day of class and figuring out group dynamics.
Forming
Frederick Herzberg
Definition
A psychologist known for the two-factor theory of motivation: hygiene factors and motivators.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Herzberg
Frederick Herzberg
Frequency
Definition
The rate at which something occurs within a specified period of time.
Context
Like how often you water plants each week.
Frequency
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G
Gantt chart
Definition
A bar chart showing project activities against a timeline to visualize schedule progress.
Context
Like a chore calendar showing what tasks must be done each day.
Gantt chart
Gaps analysis
Definition
The process of comparing current performance with desired performance to identify improvement needs.
Context
Like realizing your grades are below your goal and figuring out what to study more.
Gaps analysis
Geopolitical
Definition
Relating to the influence of geography and politics on international projects.
Context
Like how global shipping delays affect product delivery timelines.
Geopolitical
Global projects
Definition
Projects involving stakeholders, teams, or resources across multiple countries.
Context
Like collaborating online with classmates around the world.
Global projects
Governance
Definition
The framework of rules, practices, and processes that direct and control a project or organization.
Context
Like house rules that everyone follows at home.
Governance
Governance structure
Definition
The organizational setup that defines roles, responsibilities, and decision-making processes for governance.
Context
Like a school board managing teachers and principals.
Governance structure
Ground rules
Definition
Agreed-upon guidelines that set expected behaviors for team interactions.
Context
Like classroom rules about raising your hand before speaking.
Ground rules
Growth
Definition
The process of expanding capability, capacity, or maturity in project or organizational contexts.
Context
Like a child learning to ride a bike — skills and confidence grow over time.
Growth
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H
Handover
Definition
The formal transfer of responsibility for deliverables from the project team to operations or stakeholders.
Context
Like handing over house keys to a new tenant.
Handover
Health and safety
Definition
The policies and practices ensuring the physical and mental well-being of project participants.
Context
Like wearing helmets and seatbelts for protection while biking or driving.
Health and safety
Herzberg
Definition
Frederick Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory distinguishes between factors that cause job satisfaction and those that cause dissatisfaction.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Herzberg
Herzberg
Histogram
Definition
A quality management tool that uses a bar chart to show the frequency distribution of data.
Context
Like a chart showing how many times each grade (A, B, C) appeared in a class.
Histogram
Historical data
Definition
Information from past projects used to inform estimates, risks, and planning in current projects.
Context
Like checking last year’s utility bills to guess what you’ll spend this year.
Historical data
Hybrid
Definition
A project management approach combining predictive and adaptive (Agile) elements.
Context
Like mixing meal prep (predictive) with spontaneous cooking (adaptive) for balance.
Hybrid
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I
Impact
Definition
The effect of an event, risk, or decision on project objectives.
Context
Like how rain impacts an outdoor wedding — some outcomes matter more than others.
Impact
Impact analysis
Definition
The process of evaluating the potential effects of a change, risk, or issue on project objectives.
Context
Like thinking through what happens if you’re late to catch a flight — you might miss your vacation.
Impact analysis
Impediment log
Definition
A project document where obstacles or blockers to progress are recorded and tracked.
Context
Like writing down reasons your car won’t start so you can troubleshoot each one.
Impediment log
Impediments
Definition
Obstacles that slow down or stop progress in a project.
Context
Like traffic jams that delay your commute.
Impediments
Implementation
Definition
The execution of plans to achieve project deliverables or organizational goals.
Context
Like following through on a workout plan by actually going to the gym.
Implementation
Inclusion
Definition
The practice of ensuring all individuals feel valued, respected, and engaged in a project or team.
Context
Like inviting everyone to share their opinion during a group discussion.
Inclusion
Incremental
Definition
A development approach where deliverables are built in small, usable sections that add up over time.
Context
Like reading a book chapter by chapter instead of all at once.
Incremental
Incremental delivery
Definition
The process of providing completed portions of a product step by step until the final product is delivered.
Context
Like streaming a TV series episode by episode instead of waiting for the full release.
Incremental delivery
Influence
Definition
The ability to shape outcomes, decisions, or behaviors without direct authority.
Context
Like convincing friends to see your favorite movie without forcing them.
Influence
Influencing
Definition
The act of guiding others’ attitudes, behaviors, or decisions through persuasion and relationship building.
Context
Like encouraging coworkers to support your idea by explaining the benefits.
Influencing
Information distribution
Definition
The process of making project information available to stakeholders in a timely manner.
Context
Like sending out a group text to keep friends updated on plans.
Information distribution
Information management
Definition
The collection, storage, and dissemination of project information to ensure accessibility and accuracy.
Context
Like organizing family photos in labeled albums so they’re easy to find later.
Information management
Information requirements
Definition
The specific information stakeholders need to perform their roles effectively.
Context
Like asking your boss for your work schedule to plan your week.
Information requirements
Informed
Definition
A RACI designation meaning the person is kept up to date about decisions or progress but is not directly involved.
Context
Like parents being informed about school updates even if they aren’t on the PTA.
Informed
Inspection
Definition
The process of examining work results to ensure they meet requirements and standards.
Context
Like checking produce at the grocery store before buying it.
Inspection
Inspirational
Definition
A leadership trait where motivation and enthusiasm are fostered in others.
Context
Like a coach giving a pep talk before a big game.
Inspirational
Integration
Definition
The process of coordinating all project components to work together effectively.
Context
Like combining different puzzle pieces to complete the picture.
Integration
Integration management
Definition
The processes and activities needed to identify, define, combine, and coordinate project elements.
Context
Like being the conductor of an orchestra, ensuring all instruments play in harmony.
Integration management
Integrative
Definition
A negotiation approach focused on achieving win-win outcomes by expanding value for all parties.
Context
Like sharing resources in a way that benefits everyone — a bigger pie instead of dividing the same one.
Integrative
Interactive communication
Definition
Multidirectional information exchange where participants actively engage.
Context
Like a live video call where everyone talks and responds in real time.
Interactive communication
Intractable
Definition
A problem or conflict that is extremely difficult to resolve.
Context
Like trying to untangle a massive knot in a string.
Intractable
Ishikawa diagram
Definition
A cause-and-effect diagram used to identify root causes of problems.
Context
Also called a fishbone diagram; like brainstorming all possible reasons a car won’t start.
Ishikawa diagram
ISO
Definition
The International Organization for Standardization, which develops global standards to ensure quality, safety, and efficiency.
Context
Learn more: https://www.iso.org
ISO
Isolation
Definition
The state of being separated from others, often reducing collaboration and effectiveness.
Context
Like working alone in a locked room without interaction.
Isolation
Issue
Definition
A current problem or obstacle that requires resolution in the project.
Context
Like discovering your phone battery is dead when you need to make an urgent call.
Issue
Issue log
Definition
A project document where all project issues are recorded and tracked until resolution.
Context
Like keeping a list of household repairs so nothing is forgotten.
Issue log
Issue management
Definition
The process of identifying, analyzing, and resolving project issues effectively.
Context
Like fixing problems as they come up during home renovations.
Issue management
Iteration
Definition
A development cycle in which a set of deliverables is created, reviewed, and improved.
Context
Like editing a draft essay multiple times until it’s polished.
Iteration
Iterative
Definition
A life cycle that develops products through repeated cycles of refinement.
Context
Like practicing a song on piano, improving each time until perfect.
Iterative
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J
Jeff Sutherland
Definition
One of the creators of the Scrum framework for Agile project management.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sutherland
Jeff Sutherland
Joseph Juran
Definition
A quality management pioneer known for the Juran Trilogy: quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Juran
Joseph Juran
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K
Kaizen
Definition
A Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement in processes, products, and services.
Context
Like making small daily improvements in diet or exercise for long-term health.
Kaizen
Kanban
Definition
An Agile method that uses a visual board to manage work-in-progress and optimize flow.
Context
Like a chore chart on the wall where tasks move from ‘to-do’ to ‘done’.
Kanban
Kano model
Definition
A prioritization technique that categorizes product features into basic, performance, and delight factors.
Context
Like deciding features on a new phone — some are must-haves, others are nice surprises.
Kano model
Kaoru Ishikawa
Definition
A Japanese organizational theorist who developed the cause-and-effect diagram (fishbone diagram).
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru_Ishikawa
Kaoru Ishikawa
Ken Schwaber
Definition
One of the creators of the Scrum framework for Agile project management.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Schwaber
Ken Schwaber
Key performance indicators
Definition
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are measurable values used to evaluate how effectively a project is achieving its objectives.
Context
Like tracking your steps with a fitness tracker to measure progress toward a health goal.
Key performance indicators
Kirkpatrick model
Definition
A framework for evaluating training effectiveness across four levels: reaction, learning, behavior, and results.
Context
Like asking students if they enjoyed class, what they learned, if they use it, and how it impacts their work.
Kirkpatrick model
Knowledge transfer
Definition
The process of sharing knowledge, skills, and information among team members or organizations.
Context
Like teaching a coworker how to use a software so they can keep things running if you’re away.
Knowledge transfer
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L
Laissez-faire
Definition
A leadership style where the leader provides little direction and allows the team to make decisions.
Context
Like a teacher letting students run a group project with minimal input.
Laissez-faire
Leadership
Definition
The ability to guide, inspire, and motivate a team to achieve project objectives.
Context
Like a coach motivating players to give their best effort in a game.
Leadership
Lean
Definition
A methodology that focuses on maximizing value by reducing waste in processes.
Context
Like cleaning out clutter so your home runs more efficiently.
Lean
Learning objectives
Definition
Specific goals that define what learners are expected to achieve after training.
Context
Like saying, ‘By the end of this class, you’ll know how to bake bread.‘
Learning objectives
Legal
Definition
Refers to compliance with laws and regulations affecting project work.
Context
Like making sure your new business has the right permits to operate.
Legal
Lessons learned
Definition
The knowledge gained from the experience of conducting a project.
Context
Like realizing next time you’ll pack earlier for a trip to avoid stress.
Lessons learned
Lessons learned register
Definition
A project document used to record knowledge gained during a project for use in future projects.
Context
Like keeping a journal of mistakes and successes so you don’t repeat errors.
Lessons learned register
Level of detail
Definition
The degree of specificity in project information, plans, or reporting.
Context
Like writing a recipe with precise measurements versus a vague ‘add some sugar.‘
Level of detail
Life cycle
Definition
The series of phases that a project goes through from initiation to closure.
Context
Like the stages of a plant: seed, grow, bloom, and wither.
Life cycle
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M
Make-or-buy analysis
Definition
A technique used to determine whether project work should be performed internally or procured externally.
Context
Like deciding whether to cook dinner at home or order takeout.
Make-or-buy analysis
Management reserve
Definition
Budget set aside for unforeseen work within the project scope but outside the baseline.
Context
Like keeping emergency savings for unexpected expenses.
Management reserve
Management styles
Definition
The approaches managers use to lead, including autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire.
Context
Like different parenting styles — strict, participatory, or hands-off.
Management styles
Market
Definition
The environment of potential buyers and sellers where project outputs may be applied.
Context
Like a farmer’s market where producers and consumers interact.
Market
Maslow
Definition
Refers to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a motivational theory often applied to team performance.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow
Maslow
MBTI
Definition
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, a personality assessment tool used to understand team dynamics.
Context
Like sorting people into categories such as introvert vs extrovert for better collaboration.
MBTI
McClelland
Definition
Refers to David McClelland’s theory of motivation based on achievement, affiliation, and power.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McClelland
McClelland
McGregor
Definition
Refers to Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y about worker motivation and management.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McGregor
McGregor
Measurement
Definition
The process of collecting data to assess project performance.
Context
Like stepping on a scale to see how much you weigh.
Measurement
Measurement system
Definition
The collection of processes, tools, and standards used to gather project performance data.
Context
Like using a thermometer, ruler, or clock to track different things consistently.
Measurement system
Mediation
Definition
A conflict resolution technique using a neutral third party to help parties reach agreement.
Context
Like a friend helping two others resolve a disagreement.
Mediation
Meetings
Definition
Formal or informal gatherings where project information is exchanged and decisions are made.
Context
Like a family dinner where everyone shares updates and plans.
Meetings
Mentee
Definition
A person who receives guidance and advice from a more experienced individual.
Context
Like a student learning from a teacher.
Mentee
Mentoring
Definition
A professional relationship where an experienced person supports the growth of another.
Context
Like a senior chef teaching a junior cook.
Mentoring
Mentoring opportunity
Definition
A situation or program that allows mentoring to take place for skill development.
Context
Like joining a career mentoring program at work.
Mentoring opportunity
Messaging
Definition
The process of delivering clear, targeted communication to stakeholders.
Context
Like writing a group text to friends with the key details of a plan.
Messaging
Methodology
Definition
A system of practices, techniques, and rules used to manage a project.
Context
Like following a cooking method — baking versus frying.
Methodology
Metrics
Definition
Quantifiable measures used to assess project performance.
Context
Like using grades in school to measure learning progress.
Metrics
Milestone
Definition
A significant point or event in a project schedule.
Context
Like a graduation marking the completion of a major phase of education.
Milestone
Minimum viable product
Definition
A version of a product with the minimum features necessary to deliver value and collect feedback.
Context
Like releasing a simple app to test if people are interested before building all the features.
Minimum viable product
Mission
Definition
The core purpose or objective of a project or organization.
Context
Like a personal mission to get fit and healthy.
Mission
Misunderstanding
Definition
Failure to correctly interpret or understand information.
Context
Like thinking a friend said ‘meet at 5’ when they meant ‘meet at 5:30.‘
Misunderstanding
Mitigate
Definition
A risk response strategy that reduces the probability or impact of a threat.
Context
Like wearing a seatbelt to lessen injury risk in an accident.
Mitigate
Mitigation
Definition
Actions taken to reduce the probability or impact of a risk event.
Context
Like installing antivirus software to reduce the chance of computer infections.
Mitigation
Monte Carlo
Definition
A quantitative risk analysis technique using random simulations to model outcomes.
Context
Like rolling dice thousands of times to see possible results.
Monte Carlo
Monte Carlo simulation
Definition
The application of Monte Carlo techniques in project management to assess uncertainty.
Context
Like simulating thousands of road trips to see how traffic might affect arrival times.
Monte Carlo simulation
MoSCoW
Definition
A prioritization technique that categorizes requirements as Must have, Should have, Could have, and Won’t have.
Context
Like sorting your shopping list into essentials, nice-to-haves, and unnecessary items.
MoSCoW
Motivation
Definition
The internal or external factors that stimulate individuals to take action toward goals.
Context
Like being motivated to exercise because you want to feel healthier.
Motivation
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N
Needs
Definition
Requirements or conditions that must be met for the project or stakeholders to achieve desired outcomes.
Context
Like needing food and water to survive — projects also have essential needs to succeed.
Needs
Negotiation
Definition
A discussion aimed at reaching agreement between two or more parties with differing objectives.
Context
Like haggling over the price of a car until both buyer and seller are satisfied.
Negotiation
Negotiation strategy
Definition
A planned approach for conducting negotiations to achieve the best possible project outcome.
Context
Like planning ahead how you’ll argue for a raise before talking to your boss.
Negotiation strategy
Network diagram
Definition
A graphical representation of project activities and their dependencies.
Context
Like a flowchart showing which tasks must be done before others when cooking a meal.
Network diagram
Noise
Definition
Any interference that distorts or disrupts communication.
Context
Like trying to talk to a friend at a loud concert where you can’t hear clearly.
Noise
Non-compliance
Definition
Failure to meet required standards, policies, or regulations.
Context
Like not wearing a helmet while biking even though it’s required by law.
Non-compliance
Norming
Definition
A stage in team development when members resolve differences and build stronger cooperation.
Context
Like a new group of friends finally getting along after early disagreements.
Norming
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O
Objectives
Definition
Specific, measurable goals that a project is intended to achieve.
Context
Like aiming to save $1,000 in three months for a vacation.
Objectives
Obstacles
Definition
Barriers or challenges that block progress toward achieving project objectives.
Context
Like traffic on your way to work making you late.
Obstacles
On-the-job training
Definition
Training that occurs while performing actual job tasks under supervision.
Context
Like a new barista learning by making coffee alongside a trainer.
On-the-job training
Onboarding
Definition
The process of integrating new team members into a project or organization.
Context
Like your first week at a new job where you learn the ropes.
Onboarding
Online learning
Definition
Training delivered over the internet using digital platforms.
Context
Like taking a virtual cooking class on YouTube or Zoom.
Online learning
Organizational assessment
Definition
An evaluation of an organization’s capabilities, culture, and resources to support projects.
Context
Like checking your household’s strengths and weaknesses before starting a renovation.
Organizational assessment
Organizational change
Definition
Adjustments to structures, processes, or culture within an organization.
Context
Like a company moving from in-office work to remote work.
Organizational change
Organizational governance
Definition
The framework of rules, practices, and processes by which projects are directed and controlled.
Context
Like the school board setting policies that guide how schools are run.
Organizational governance
Organizational principles
Definition
Core values and guidelines that influence how an organization operates and makes decisions.
Context
Like a family always eating dinner together — it’s a principle guiding behavior.
Organizational principles
Ownership
Definition
The state of being accountable and responsible for project deliverables or outcomes.
Context
Like taking responsibility for cleaning your room instead of waiting for someone else.
Ownership
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P
Parametric estimation
Definition
A technique that uses statistical relationships between historical data and variables to estimate costs or durations.
Context
Like estimating paint cost based on cost per gallon and the size of the wall.
Parametric estimation
Pareto chart
Definition
A bar chart that shows which factors are most significant, based on the 80/20 principle.
Context
Like noticing that 80% of mess in your room comes from just 20% of your belongings.
Pareto chart
PDCA
Definition
Plan-Do-Check-Act, a cycle for continuous process improvement.
Context
Like trying a new recipe: plan it, cook it, taste it, and adjust for next time.
PDCA
Penalty
Definition
A contractual provision requiring payment or consequences if terms are not met.
Context
Like paying a late fee when you don’t return a library book on time.
Penalty
Performance
Definition
The accomplishment of work measured against standards of quality, cost, and schedule.
Context
Like how well an athlete performs in a game compared to their training goals.
Performance
Performance baseline
Definition
The approved plan for scope, schedule, and cost used as a basis to compare actual performance.
Context
Like setting your fitness goals for weight, steps, and calories — then tracking progress against them.
Performance baseline
Performance reviews
Definition
Meetings or evaluations to assess project performance against baselines and objectives.
Context
Like a teacher reviewing a student’s grades and giving feedback.
Performance reviews
Performing
Definition
The stage in team development when the team functions effectively toward goals.
Context
Like a sports team hitting their stride mid-season, working smoothly together.
Performing
Personality indicators
Definition
Tools or tests that assess individual personality traits to improve team collaboration.
Context
Like a BuzzFeed quiz but scientifically structured to help understand work styles.
Personality indicators
PERT
Definition
Program Evaluation and Review Technique, a method to estimate project duration using optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates.
Context
Like guessing travel time: best case, worst case, and most likely.
PERT
PESTLE
Definition
A framework analyzing external factors: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental.
Context
Like checking the weather, laws, and local culture before moving abroad.
PESTLE
Philip Crosby
Definition
A quality management expert known for ‘zero defects’ and cost of quality concepts.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_B._Crosby
Philip Crosby
Planned Value
Definition
The authorized budget assigned to scheduled work (EV technique metric).
Context
Like how much of your vacation budget you should have spent by mid-trip.
Planned Value
Policies
Definition
Organizational rules or guidelines governing project decisions and actions.
Context
Like house rules that everyone must follow.
Policies
Power
Definition
The ability to influence others and resources in a project.
Context
Like parents having authority over household decisions.
Power
Power-interest grid
Definition
Context
Power-interest grid
Power/interest grid
Definition
A tool for stakeholder analysis that maps stakeholders based on power and interest.
Context
Like seating charts at a wedding — who needs more attention vs less.
interest grid
Predictive
Definition
A project life cycle that plans work in detail upfront and executes sequentially.
Context
Like following a recipe exactly, step by step, without changes.
Predictive
Presentations
Definition
Formal delivery of project information to stakeholders.
Context
Like giving a class project presentation to your peers.
Presentations
Priorities
Definition
The relative importance assigned to tasks or objectives.
Context
Like deciding whether to do laundry before dishes.
Priorities
Prioritization
Definition
The process of ordering tasks by importance, urgency, or value.
Context
Like ranking your to-do list by what matters most.
Prioritization
Probability
Definition
The likelihood that a risk event will occur.
Context
Like predicting the chance of rain tomorrow.
Probability
Probability and impact matrix
Definition
A risk tool that assesses and categorizes risks by their likelihood and impact.
Context
Like sorting possible travel delays into ‘minor inconvenience’ or ‘major disruption.‘
Probability and impact matrix
Problem
Definition
An issue or obstacle that negatively affects project objectives.
Context
Like your car breaking down on the way to work.
Problem
Problem solving
Definition
A process of finding solutions to issues that block objectives.
Context
Like troubleshooting why your Wi-Fi isn’t working.
Problem solving
Procedures
Definition
Detailed, step-by-step instructions for performing tasks.
Context
Like a recipe guiding you through cooking a meal.
Procedures
Process improvement
Definition
Systematic efforts to increase efficiency or effectiveness of processes.
Context
Like reorganizing your closet to find clothes faster.
Process improvement
Procurement
Definition
The process of obtaining goods and services from external sources.
Context
Like hiring a caterer for a party instead of cooking yourself.
Procurement
Procurement closure
Definition
The process of completing and settling each contract and resolving claims.
Context
Like paying your bill and leaving a restaurant — everything finalized.
Procurement closure
Procurement management plan
Definition
A component of the project plan that defines how procurement will be managed.
Context
Like making a shopping list before going to the store.
Procurement management plan
Procurement strategy
Definition
The approach used to acquire goods and services for the project.
Context
Like deciding whether to shop online, in-store, or wholesale.
Procurement strategy
Product backlog
Definition
An ordered list of work items or features maintained in Agile projects.
Context
Like a running to-do list for house chores, updated regularly.
Product backlog
Professional development
Definition
The acquisition of skills and knowledge for career growth.
Context
Like taking a cooking class to improve your skills.
Professional development
Progress reporting
Definition
Regular updates comparing project status to planned objectives.
Context
Like weekly weigh-ins to track fitness progress.
Progress reporting
Progress tracking
Definition
Monitoring ongoing project work against the plan.
Context
Like using a checklist to mark off completed chores.
Progress tracking
Project charter
Definition
A document that formally authorizes a project and gives the project manager authority.
Context
Like a permission slip for a school trip — it makes things official.
Project charter
Project governance
Definition
The framework and processes ensuring project alignment with organizational goals.
Context
Like house rules that keep everyone on the same page.
Project governance
Project management plan
Definition
The integrated document that defines how the project will be executed, monitored, and closed.
Context
Like a detailed travel itinerary covering all plans and contingencies.
Project management plan
Project network diagram
Definition
A graphical representation of project activities and dependencies.
Context
Like a flowchart mapping how to cook a meal step by step.
Project network diagram
Project plan
Definition
A formal document that outlines how the project will be executed and controlled.
Context
Like planning a wedding — laying out steps, roles, and timing.
Project plan
Psychological safety
Definition
A team environment where members feel safe to share ideas and take risks without fear.
Context
Like a classroom where students feel free to ask questions without ridicule.
Psychological safety
Pull communication
Definition
Information made available for stakeholders to access at their discretion.
Context
Like posting notes on a bulletin board for people to read when they want.
Pull communication
Purchase order
Definition
A document sent to a seller authorizing purchase of goods or services.
Context
Like placing an official order form for items online.
Purchase order
Push communication
Definition
Information sent directly to recipients without their request.
Context
Like getting a newsletter in your inbox automatically.
Push communication
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Q
Quality
Definition
The degree to which deliverables meet requirements and satisfy stakeholder needs.
Context
Like food at a restaurant meeting your expectations for taste and freshness.
Quality
Quality assurance
Definition
Planned activities to ensure quality standards are met in project processes.
Context
Like checking your work while writing an essay to avoid mistakes.
Quality assurance
Quality control
Definition
Monitoring deliverables to verify they meet defined quality standards.
Context
Like taste-testing a dish before serving it.
Quality control
Quality gap
Definition
The difference between expected quality and actual quality delivered.
Context
Like ordering a latte but receiving plain coffee instead.
Quality gap
Quality metrics
Definition
Specific measures used to assess quality performance.
Context
Like rating a hotel stay on cleanliness and service.
Quality metrics
Quality standards
Definition
Accepted benchmarks or specifications that deliverables must meet.
Context
Like health codes restaurants must follow.
Quality standards
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R
RACI
Definition
A responsibility assignment matrix showing who is Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed.
Context
Like a chore chart at home showing who does what, who checks, and who needs to know.
RACI
RACI matrix
Definition
A detailed table mapping project roles and responsibilities across tasks.
Context
Like mapping out a group project: who leads, who helps, and who’s updated.
RACI matrix
Readiness
Definition
The state of being prepared to start or transition into a new project phase or process.
Context
Like packing your suitcase before leaving for vacation.
Readiness
Recognition
Definition
Acknowledgment of an individual’s or team’s contributions to project success.
Context
Like thanking a friend for helping you move — it motivates them to help again.
Recognition
Regulations
Definition
Rules or directives made and maintained by an authority that a project must comply with.
Context
Like traffic laws you must follow when driving.
Regulations
Regulatory
Definition
Refers to compliance with laws and regulations relevant to the project.
Context
Like making sure your restaurant passes health inspections.
Regulatory
Relationship management
Definition
The process of building and maintaining positive stakeholder and team relationships.
Context
Like keeping good communication with neighbors so everyone gets along.
Relationship management
Release planning
Definition
A process in Agile projects to determine which features or deliverables will be included in a release.
Context
Like planning which dishes to serve at a party and when.
Release planning
Remote work
Definition
A work arrangement where tasks are performed outside a traditional office environment.
Context
Like working from home using a laptop and internet connection.
Remote work
Reports
Definition
Documents or presentations that communicate project status, progress, or performance.
Context
Like a school report card showing your grades and progress.
Reports
Repository
Definition
A central place where project documents and artifacts are stored and managed.
Context
Like a filing cabinet or cloud folder for project files.
Repository
Requirements
Definition
The documented needs and expectations of stakeholders for a project or product.
Context
Like writing a list of features you want in a new phone before buying it.
Requirements
Requirements traceability
Definition
The ability to track requirements throughout the project lifecycle to ensure they are met.
Context
Like checking off items on a shopping list to ensure nothing is forgotten.
Requirements traceability
Resistance
Definition
Stakeholder reluctance or opposition to project changes.
Context
Like resisting a new phone update because you’re used to the old version.
Resistance
Resistance management
Definition
The process of addressing and reducing stakeholder resistance to changes.
Context
Like explaining the benefits of a new rule to get kids to follow it.
Resistance management
Resolution
Definition
The outcome of addressing an issue, risk, or conflict.
Context
Like solving a disagreement by agreeing where to eat dinner.
Resolution
Resource allocation
Definition
Assigning available resources to specific project tasks for efficient execution.
Context
Like deciding who in the family will do which chores.
Resource allocation
Resource leveling
Definition
A technique to adjust the project schedule to address resource constraints.
Context
Like spreading out homework over several days so you’re not overloaded in one day.
Resource leveling
Resource planning
Definition
The process of identifying and planning for the resources needed to complete the project.
Context
Like making a list of ingredients before cooking a big meal.
Resource planning
Resource requirements
Definition
The types and quantities of resources needed to complete project activities.
Context
Like needing flour, eggs, and sugar to bake a cake.
Resource requirements
Resource smoothing
Definition
A technique to adjust project activities so resource demand does not exceed limits while maintaining the schedule.
Context
Like balancing chores evenly across kids so no one is overwhelmed.
Resource smoothing
Resources
Definition
People, equipment, materials, and finances needed to complete project work.
Context
Like the ingredients, tools, and money needed to cook dinner.
Resources
Responsibility
Definition
An obligation to perform assigned project tasks.
Context
Like being responsible for feeding the dog every morning.
Responsibility
Responsible
Definition
The individual who performs the task or activity in a RACI matrix.
Context
Like the person who actually washes the dishes at home.
Responsible
Retrospective
Definition
A meeting in Agile projects where the team reflects on what went well and what can improve.
Context
Like a sports team reviewing their last game to see how to improve.
Retrospective
Return on investment
Definition
A measure of the financial benefits gained compared to the cost of the project.
Context
Like buying a 50.
Return on investment
Reward systems
Definition
Mechanisms for recognizing and incentivizing desired performance and behavior.
Context
Like giving kids an allowance for doing chores.
Reward systems
RFP
Definition
Request for Proposal — a procurement document requesting detailed offers from vendors.
Context
Like asking several contractors for quotes to remodel your kitchen.
RFP
RFQ
Definition
Request for Quotation — a procurement document requesting price offers for specific products or services.
Context
Like calling different stores to compare prices for a TV.
RFQ
Risk
Definition
An uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on objectives.
Context
Like the chance of rain affecting your picnic plans.
Risk
Risk appetite
Definition
The degree of uncertainty an organization or individual is willing to accept in pursuit of objectives.
Context
Like deciding whether you’re comfortable investing in risky stocks.
Risk appetite
Risk breakdown structure
Definition
A hierarchical representation of risks by categories.
Context
Like sorting your to-do list into categories such as school, work, and home.
Risk breakdown structure
Risk identification
Definition
The process of identifying and documenting potential project risks.
Context
Like making a list of possible obstacles before a road trip.
Risk identification
Risk management
Definition
The process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks.
Context
Like planning for possible bad weather before hosting an outdoor event.
Risk management
Risk matrix
Definition
A grid that maps the probability and impact of risks to prioritize responses.
Context
Like using a chart to rank possible outcomes from minor to severe.
Risk matrix
Risk owner
Definition
The person responsible for monitoring and managing a specific risk.
Context
Like assigning someone to check the weather for an outdoor event.
Risk owner
Risk prioritization
Definition
The process of ranking risks by importance to decide where to focus efforts.
Context
Like prioritizing studying for the hardest exam first.
Risk prioritization
Risk register
Definition
A project document that records all identified risks and their characteristics.
Context
Like keeping a notebook of all potential issues for a trip.
Risk register
Risk threshold
Definition
The level of risk exposure above which the organization is not willing to accept.
Context
Like saying you’ll only drive if there’s less than a 30% chance of heavy snow.
Risk threshold
Risk tolerance
Definition
The acceptable variation in project outcomes that stakeholders are willing to withstand.
Context
Like being okay with spending a little more money on vacation than planned.
Risk tolerance
Risk trigger
Definition
An event or condition that indicates a risk is about to occur.
Context
Like dark clouds signaling it might rain soon.
Risk trigger
ROI
Definition
Return on Investment — the financial gain or loss generated relative to the investment cost.
Context
Like spending 200 in sales.
ROI
Roles
Definition
Defined positions within a project that specify responsibilities and expectations.
Context
Like roles in a play — each actor has a part to perform for the show’s success.
Roles
Root cause analysis
Definition
A technique used to identify the underlying reason for a problem or defect.
Context
Like figuring out that the real reason your car won’t start is a dead battery, not the engine.
Root cause analysis
Run chart
Definition
A graph that displays data points over time to identify trends or variations.
Context
Like tracking your daily steps on a fitness app to see progress over weeks.
Run chart
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S
SAFe
Definition
Scaled Agile Framework, a set of practices for applying Agile at the enterprise level.
Context
Like expanding a small recipe to cook for a big family — scaling up Agile for large organizations.
SAFe
Salience model
Definition
A tool to categorize stakeholders based on power, legitimacy, and urgency.
Context
Like deciding whose opinion matters most when planning a group trip — parents, friends, or coworkers.
Salience model
Scatter diagram
Definition
A quality tool that shows the relationship between two variables to identify patterns.
Context
Like plotting hours studied versus exam scores to see if more studying improves results.
Scatter diagram
Schedule
Definition
The timetable that outlines when project activities and deliverables will occur.
Context
Like a school timetable showing when each subject is taught.
Schedule
Schedule baseline
Definition
The approved version of the project schedule, used as a reference for tracking progress.
Context
Like a workout plan you compare against actual exercises done each week.
Schedule baseline
Schedule compression
Definition
Techniques used to shorten the project duration without reducing scope, such as crashing or fast-tracking.
Context
Like pulling an all-nighter to finish homework faster.
Schedule compression
Schedule Performance Index
Definition
A measure of schedule efficiency calculated as earned value divided by planned value (SPI = EV/PV).
Context
If you planned to finish 10 tasks but only did 8, your efficiency is below 1.0.
Schedule Performance Index
Schedule variance
Definition
Same as above: the measure of schedule performance (SV = EV - PV).
Context
Like being behind on your reading goal for the month.
Schedule variance
Schedule Variance
Definition
The difference between earned value and planned value (SV = EV - PV).
Context
Like realizing you’ve done less housework than planned by the weekend.
Schedule Variance
Scope
Definition
The sum of all work required to complete the project successfully.
Context
Like a recipe’s ingredients list and steps — everything that must be done.
Scope
Scope adjustment
Definition
Changes made to the project scope to address issues or opportunities.
Context
Like adding dessert to a dinner menu after guests request it.
Scope adjustment
Scope baseline
Definition
The approved version of the scope statement, WBS, and WBS dictionary.
Context
Like a final recipe you’re committed to following when cooking.
Scope baseline
Scope creep
Definition
Uncontrolled expansion of project scope without approval or adjustments to time, cost, or resources.
Context
Like agreeing to bake a cake, then being asked to add cookies, pie, and cupcakes without more time.
Scope creep
Scope validation
Definition
The process of formalizing acceptance of completed deliverables.
Context
Like getting a customer to sign off that the meal you cooked is what they ordered.
Scope validation
Scrum
Definition
An Agile framework that uses short iterations (sprints) and regular feedback to deliver value.
Context
Like breaking a big homework assignment into smaller weekly tasks with check-ins.
Scrum
Security
Definition
Measures to protect project information, resources, and systems from threats.
Context
Like locking your house to keep it safe from intruders.
Security
Self-awareness
Definition
The ability to recognize your own emotions, strengths, and weaknesses.
Context
Like noticing when you’re getting frustrated and taking a break.
Self-awareness
Self-regulation
Definition
The ability to manage your emotions and behaviors in different situations.
Context
Like staying calm when someone cuts you off in traffic.
Self-regulation
Sensitivity analysis
Definition
A quantitative risk analysis technique to determine which risks have the most impact.
Context
Like testing how changing one ingredient in a recipe affects the final taste.
Sensitivity analysis
Servant leadership
Definition
A leadership style focused on serving the team, removing obstacles, and enabling success.
Context
Like a coach who provides water and encouragement so athletes can perform their best.
Servant leadership
Share
Definition
The act of distributing project information, resources, or responsibility with stakeholders.
Context
Like splitting chores evenly among roommates.
Share
Shared understanding
Definition
A common agreement among stakeholders about project objectives, goals, and expectations.
Context
Like making sure everyone in a group agrees on the rules of a board game before playing.
Shared understanding
Situational
Definition
A leadership style that adapts based on the team’s needs and the situation.
Context
Like being strict when kids are in danger but relaxed when they’re playing safely.
Situational
Six Sigma
Definition
A methodology focused on reducing defects and improving quality through data analysis and process control.
Context
Like perfecting a cookie recipe by testing and adjusting until almost every batch comes out right.
Six Sigma
Skill gap
Definition
The difference between the skills required for a job and the skills an individual currently has.
Context
Like wanting to play guitar but not knowing how yet.
Skill gap
Skills assessment
Definition
A process to evaluate an individual’s capabilities compared to project needs.
Context
Like testing reading levels in school to place students appropriately.
Skills assessment
Slack
Definition
The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project.
Context
Like knowing you can leave home 10 minutes late and still catch the bus.
Slack
Social skills
Definition
Interpersonal skills used to communicate and interact effectively with others.
Context
Like being polite, listening, and making friends at a party.
Social skills
Solicitation
Definition
The process of requesting proposals or bids from sellers to provide products or services.
Context
Like asking several contractors for quotes to renovate your kitchen.
Solicitation
Sourcing
Definition
The process of finding and selecting suppliers to provide project goods or services.
Context
Like choosing which grocery store to shop at based on price and quality.
Sourcing
Sprint
Definition
A short, time-boxed iteration in Scrum where a usable product increment is delivered.
Context
Like planning to finish part of a puzzle every weekend until it’s complete.
Sprint
Sprint backlog
Definition
A list of tasks the Scrum team commits to completing during a sprint.
Context
Like a weekend to-do list for house chores.
Sprint backlog
Stakeholder
Definition
Any individual, group, or organization that may affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by the project.
Context
Like neighbors affected by a new building being constructed nearby.
Stakeholder
Stakeholder access
Definition
The degree to which stakeholders can obtain project information and interact with the team.
Context
Like how open a teacher is to students asking questions after class.
Stakeholder access
Stakeholder analysis
Definition
The process of systematically identifying and assessing stakeholder interests, influence, and impact.
Context
Like figuring out who in your family has the most say in vacation planning.
Stakeholder analysis
Stakeholder categorization
Definition
Grouping stakeholders based on characteristics such as influence, interest, or impact.
Context
Like sorting classmates into groups based on who cares about grades, sports, or fun.
Stakeholder categorization
Stakeholder collaboration
Definition
Engaging stakeholders in joint decision-making and problem-solving activities.
Context
Like planning a party together so everyone has input and feels included.
Stakeholder collaboration
Stakeholder engagement plan
Definition
A component of the project management plan that defines how to engage stakeholders effectively.
Context
Like a teacher’s plan for keeping parents updated and involved in schoolwork.
Stakeholder engagement plan
Stakeholder feedback
Definition
Input from stakeholders regarding project performance, progress, or deliverables.
Context
Like customers reviewing a new restaurant dish.
Stakeholder feedback
Stakeholder impact
Definition
The effect a project has on stakeholders, positive or negative.
Context
Like road construction that causes inconvenience but leads to smoother travel later.
Stakeholder impact
Stakeholder influence
Definition
The degree to which stakeholders can affect project outcomes.
Context
Like parents deciding rules for a household — their influence shapes decisions.
Stakeholder influence
Stakeholder needs
Definition
The requirements and expectations stakeholders have for a project outcome.
Context
Like students wanting clear instructions for an assignment.
Stakeholder needs
Stakeholder register
Definition
A project document that identifies, assesses, and classifies project stakeholders.
Context
Like a contact list that also includes each person’s interests and influence.
Stakeholder register
Stakeholder skills
Definition
The abilities stakeholders bring that can affect project success.
Context
Like a neighbor with carpentry skills helping during a community project.
Stakeholder skills
Stand-up
Definition
A short daily meeting in Agile where team members share progress and issues.
Context
Like a quick family check-in each morning about plans for the day.
Stand-up
Stand-up meeting
Definition
Same as stand-up: a daily Agile meeting to align and identify blockers.
Context
Like roommates quickly updating each other before leaving for work.
Stand-up meeting
Standards
Definition
Documented guidelines, rules, or characteristics used to ensure quality and consistency.
Context
Like a recipe standard that ensures every cake tastes the same no matter who bakes it.
Standards
Storming
Definition
A stage of team development where conflicts arise as members assert ideas and roles.
Context
Like siblings arguing before figuring out how to play together.
Storming
Story points
Definition
A unit of measure used in Agile to estimate the relative effort required to complete a user story.
Context
Like saying a chore is a ‘2’ or a ‘5’ in difficulty compared to others, not in hours but in effort.
Story points
Strategic alignment
Definition
The extent to which a project supports the organization’s strategic goals and objectives.
Context
Like making sure your personal budget matches your goal of saving for a house.
Strategic alignment
Strategy
Definition
A high-level plan of action designed to achieve long-term goals and objectives.
Context
Like deciding to eat healthier by cooking at home instead of eating fast food.
Strategy
Supplier management
Definition
The processes used to manage relationships and performance with external vendors or suppliers.
Context
Like managing your internet provider to ensure you get reliable service.
Supplier management
Supplier relationship
Definition
The ongoing interactions and trust built between a buyer and supplier.
Context
Like the relationship you build with a trusted mechanic over years of service.
Supplier relationship
Support
Definition
Assistance provided to stakeholders, team members, or customers to enable success.
Context
Like tech support helping you fix a computer issue.
Support
SWOT analysis
Definition
A technique for identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to a project or organization.
Context
Like making a pros and cons list for a big life decision.
SWOT analysis
Systems thinking
Definition
A holistic approach to analysis that considers the interconnections of a system and how changes affect the whole.
Context
Like realizing pulling one thread in a sweater affects the entire garment.
Systems thinking
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T
Tailoring
Definition
The process of adapting project management practices to fit the specific project environment.
Context
Like altering a recipe to match the ingredients you have at home.
Tailoring
Talent management
Definition
The practice of attracting, developing, retaining, and deploying people with the required skills.
Context
Like a coach recruiting and training players to build a winning team.
Talent management
Task accountability
Definition
The responsibility of an individual to complete a specific task and answer for its outcome.
Context
Like being responsible for cooking dinner in a group household — it’s your job and you’re accountable.
Task accountability
Team building
Definition
The process of developing a group of individuals into a cohesive and high-performing team.
Context
Like doing trust exercises or group games to strengthen friendships.
Team building
Team charter
Definition
A document that outlines team values, agreements, roles, and goals.
Context
Like housemates writing rules for chores, quiet hours, and shared responsibilities.
Team charter
Team dynamics
Definition
The patterns of interaction and relationships among team members.
Context
Like how siblings interact — sometimes cooperative, sometimes competitive.
Team dynamics
Team norms
Definition
The agreed-upon rules and expectations for how a team will work together.
Context
Like agreeing with friends not to use phones during dinner.
Team norms
Team skills
Definition
The abilities and competencies that team members bring to achieve project goals.
Context
Like each band member playing a different instrument to create music together.
Team skills
Technology
Definition
Tools, systems, or methods used to create, deliver, and manage project outputs.
Context
Like using a smartphone app to organize your grocery shopping.
Technology
Telecommuting
Definition
Working remotely using digital tools to stay connected with the team.
Context
Like working from home instead of commuting to the office.
Telecommuting
Testing
Definition
The process of evaluating a product or component to ensure it meets requirements and quality standards.
Context
Like taste-testing soup before serving to check the flavor.
Testing
Thomas-Kilmann Model
Definition
A framework that identifies five conflict-handling styles: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating.
Context
Like recognizing whether you tend to argue, cooperate, or avoid conflicts with friends.
Thomas-Kilmann Model
Threat
Definition
A potential risk event that could have a negative impact on the project.
Context
Like bad weather threatening your outdoor party plans.
Threat
Three-point estimate
Definition
An estimation technique that uses optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely values to calculate expected duration or cost.
Context
Like guessing how long dinner will take: best case 20 minutes, worst case 1 hour, most likely 40 minutes.
Three-point estimate
Three-point estimates
Definition
The collection of multiple three-point estimates for different project activities.
Context
Like estimating times for each part of a road trip — best, worst, and average scenarios.
Three-point estimates
Thresholds
Definition
Predetermined limits that trigger specific actions if exceeded.
Context
Like setting a spending limit on your credit card — if you exceed it, you stop spending.
Thresholds
Time management
Definition
The process of planning and exercising control over how time is spent on project activities.
Context
Like scheduling study, exercise, and relaxation time in a daily planner.
Time management
Time zones
Definition
Geographic regions with standardized time, affecting project scheduling for distributed teams.
Context
Like coordinating a video call with friends in different countries.
Time zones
Time-and-materials
Definition
A contract type that reimburses the seller for time spent and materials used.
Context
Like paying a handyman for both their hours of work and the supplies they use.
Time-and-materials
Timebox
Definition
A fixed period allocated to an activity to encourage focus and timely delivery.
Context
Like setting a 25-minute timer to clean your room and stopping when it rings.
Timebox
To-Complete Performance Index
Definition
A measure of the cost performance required to meet a specific management goal (TCPI = (BAC - EV) / (BAC - AC)).
Context
Like calculating how fast you need to run in the last mile of a race to finish on time.
To-Complete Performance Index
Training
Definition
The process of developing knowledge, skills, and abilities through structured learning.
Context
Like taking a cooking class to improve your skills in the kitchen.
Training
Training budget
Definition
The allocated funds for training activities within a project or organization.
Context
Like setting aside money each month to pay for a gym membership or classes.
Training budget
Training needs
Definition
The identified gaps in skills or knowledge that training aims to address.
Context
Like realizing you need swimming lessons before going on a beach vacation.
Training needs
Training options
Definition
The different methods available to deliver training, such as classroom, online, or mentoring.
Context
Like choosing between YouTube tutorials, books, or classes to learn guitar.
Training options
Training resources
Definition
The materials, instructors, tools, and facilities required to deliver training.
Context
Like having textbooks, a teacher, and a classroom for a school course.
Training resources
Transfer
Definition
The act of moving something such as knowledge, risk, or responsibility from one party to another.
Context
Like transferring a car loan from one person’s name to another’s.
Transfer
Transformation
Definition
A significant change in process, structure, or culture that creates a new state of being.
Context
Like renovating a house so it feels brand new.
Transformation
Transition
Definition
The process of moving from the current state to a future state.
Context
Like starting a new job after leaving your old one.
Transition
Transparency
Definition
The practice of openly sharing information so stakeholders can make informed decisions.
Context
Like being honest with friends about your schedule so they know when you’re available.
Transparency
Trigger
Definition
An event or condition that signals a risk has occurred or is about to occur.
Context
Like noticing dark clouds as a trigger that it’s about to rain.
Trigger
Triple constraint
Definition
The balance of scope, schedule, and cost, which are interdependent and affect project quality.
Context
Like cooking: if you change the recipe size (scope), it affects time and cost.
Triple constraint
Trust
Definition
The confidence among team members that others’ intentions are good and actions are reliable.
Context
Like trusting a friend to keep a secret or show up when they say they will.
Trust
Two-way communication
Definition
An interactive communication method where information flows back and forth between sender and receiver.
Context
Like a conversation where both people talk and listen, not just one giving instructions.
Two-way communication
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U
User story
Definition
A short, simple description of a feature told from the perspective of the user in Agile projects.
Context
Like writing: ‘As a customer, I want online checkout so I can buy products easily.‘
User story
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V
Value
Definition
The net benefit a project delivers to stakeholders, measured in terms of outcomes, not just outputs.
Context
Like the difference between buying a car (output) and having reliable transportation (value).
Value
Value delivery
Definition
The continuous process of delivering benefits and outcomes aligned with organizational strategy.
Context
Like regularly harvesting vegetables from a garden rather than waiting until the end of the season.
Value delivery
Value stream
Definition
The series of steps an organization takes to create value for customers.
Context
Like the journey of coffee beans from farm to cup, each step adds value.
Value stream
Values
Definition
The core beliefs and principles that guide decisions and behavior in projects or organizations.
Context
Like honesty, teamwork, or respect guiding how friends treat each other.
Values
Variance at Completion
Definition
The projected difference between the budget at completion (BAC) and the estimate at completion (EAC).
Context
Like checking halfway through a road trip if you’ll overspend on gas compared to your original budget.
Variance at Completion
Vendor
Definition
An external supplier that provides goods or services to the project.
Context
Like the bakery that provides the cake for a party you’re hosting.
Vendor
Version control
Definition
A system that manages changes to documents, code, or deliverables over time.
Context
Like saving multiple drafts of an essay so you can go back to earlier versions if needed.
Version control
Videoconferencing
Definition
A method of communication that allows people in different locations to see and hear each other in real time.
Context
Like Zoom calls with family who live far away.
Videoconferencing
Vilfredo Pareto
Definition
An economist known for the Pareto Principle (80/20 rule), which is applied in quality and prioritization.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto
Vilfredo Pareto
Virtual teams
Definition
Groups of people working together on a project without being in the same physical location.
Context
Like collaborating online with classmates on a group project from different cities.
Virtual teams
Vision
Definition
A clear, inspirational description of what an organization or project aims to achieve in the future.
Context
Like a dream statement: ‘We want to build the best eco-friendly community in the world.‘
Vision
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W
W. Edwards Deming
Definition
A quality management pioneer known for his work in continuous improvement and the PDCA cycle.
Context
Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming
W. Edwards Deming
Waterfall
Definition
A traditional project management approach where phases are completed sequentially without overlap.
Context
Like baking a cake: you can’t frost it until it’s baked and cooled.
Waterfall
WBS dictionary
Definition
A supporting document that provides detailed information about each element in the work breakdown structure.
Context
Like the notes section of a to-do list that explains what each task involves.
WBS dictionary
Weighted scoring model
Definition
A decision-making tool that ranks alternatives based on weighted criteria.
Context
Like choosing a college by scoring schools on cost, location, and programs, then picking the best score.
Weighted scoring model
Win-win
Definition
An approach in negotiation where both parties achieve favorable outcomes.
Context
Like agreeing to split chores with a roommate in a way that satisfies both of you.
Win-win
Withdraw
Definition
A conflict resolution technique where one party removes themselves from the situation.
Context
Like walking away from an argument instead of continuing to fight.
Withdraw
Work breakdown structure
Definition
A hierarchical decomposition of project deliverables into smaller, manageable components.
Context
Like breaking a big project, such as painting a house, into prep, priming, painting, and cleanup.
Work breakdown structure
Working environment
Definition
The physical and cultural conditions in which project work is performed.
Context
Like the difference between working in a noisy café or a quiet library.
Working environment
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X
XP
Definition
An agile software development methodology that emphasizes frequent releases, continuous testing, pair programming, and close collaboration with customers to improve product quality and responsiveness to change.
Context
In PMP exam prep, XP is referenced as an example of an Agile framework.
It is not a PMI standard but is included in the Agile Practice Guide as part of the range of agile approaches.
Key practices include short development cycles, continuous integration, test-driven development, and pair programming.
On the exam, XP may appear in questions contrasting predictive versus agile practices, especially where collaboration and iterative delivery are emphasized.
Exam Cue
On the exam, if a question mentions agile practices such as pair programming, test-driven development, or frequent small releases, the correct framework is XP (Extreme Programming).
Do not confuse XP with Scrum (roles and ceremonies) or Kanban (workflow visualization).
Extreme Programming
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Y
Y-Chart
Definition
A visual tool used in requirements and systems analysis to explore a concept from three perspectives: behavior (Why), structure (What), and interaction (How).
Context
Although not a core PMI artifact, the Y-Chart is sometimes referenced in systems thinking and modeling to help teams better understand complex problems.
In exam prep, its relevance is tied to problem-solving, requirements analysis, and stakeholder communication, where breaking down a system into behavior, structure, and interaction improves clarity.
Exam Cue
On the exam, if you see a reference to a diagram or technique that frames a problem in terms of what it is, why it matters, and how it works, this points to a Y-Chart or similar systems analysis tool.
Y Chart
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Z
ZOPA
Definition
Zone of Possible Agreement — the range within which two parties can reach a deal in negotiation.
Context
Like haggling at a market where you’re willing to pay 15 and the seller wants 14.